Contexto econômico do Egito

Main Sectors of Industry

Agriculture contributes 11.6% of Egypt’s GDP and employs 19% of the active population (World Bank, latest data available). The sector has historically been important for Egypt, and it accounts for about 20% of total exports and foreign exchange earnings. The country has 3.5 million ha of agricultural land and just 45,000 ha of forests (FAO). The warm climate and the abundant Nile water allow for several annual harvests. The main crops are cereals, cotton, sugar cane and beetroots. The country is also a major producer of long-staple cotton, which is used in the textile industry. Fisheries in Egypt occupy vast areas of more than 13 million acres, equivalent to approximately 150% of their agricultural land. According to the latest official governmental figures, Egypt's agricultural exports experienced a 17% surge in 2024, reaching a noteworthy USD 10.6 billion and setting a record level of 8.6 million tons. According to the report, the list of the top agricultural exports includes: citrus fruits, fresh potatoes, fresh onions, grapes, fresh and dry beans, sweet potatoes, mangoes, fresh tomatoes, fresh garlic, fresh strawberries, guavas, and pomegranates.

Egypt's non-oil industry remains rather limited. With automotive manufacturing, steel, cotton cultivation, textile production and the construction industry, the secondary sector accounts for 32.1% of the GDP and employs 29% of the workforce (World Bank). Overall, the manufacturing sector alone accounts for 15% of GDP, whereas the mining industry accounts for only 1%, but is a strategic sector at the centre of the country’s development plan, as the government aims at increasing its share of GDP to 5% over the next two decades. Despite economic diversification efforts, the country continues to depend on the Suez Canal for a large part of its foreign income. Egypt's oil and gas industry is the key driver of the economy, accounting for more than one-fifth of GDP and standing as the country's largest industrial sector (data U.S. Trade Administration). Preliminary government data shows a production increase of 200 mmcf/d of natural gas and 39,000 bbl/d of oil between July and October 2024. Egypt’s non-petroleum industrial exports surged 73.8% to USD 32.5 billion in FY2023/2024, highlighting sectoral progress.

Finally, the services sector represents 51.3% of the Egyptian GDP and employs more than half of the population (53%). It is largely dominated by revenues from the telecommunications (approximately 4% of the total GDP as per the National Telecom Regulatory Authority) and tourism sectors. According to official governmental figures, Egypt’s tourism revenue more than doubled in a decade, reaching USD 15.3 billion in 2024 from USD 7.2 billion in 2014. Inbound tourists rose 59.6%, from 9.9 million in 2014 to 15.8 million in 2024  and the government is planning to expand Egypt's hotel capacity and enhance tourism infrastructure. Small local grocers dominate Egypt’s retail market, accounting for over USD 13 billion in sales and about 60% market share. However, competition in the food retail sector is intensifying as local and international players focus on pricing and product innovation (data USDA).

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Indicator of Economic Freedom

Definition

Definition:

The Economic freedom index measure ten components of economic freedom, grouped into four broad categories or pillars of economic freedom: Rule of Law (property rights, freedom from corruption); Limited Government (fiscal freedom, government spending); Regulatory Efficiency (business freedom, labour freedom, monetary freedom); and Open Markets (trade freedom, investment freedom, financial freedom). Each of the freedoms within these four broad categories is individually scored on a scale of 0 to 100. A country’s overall economic freedom score is a simple average of its scores on the 10 individual freedoms.}}

Score:

55,7/100

World Rank:

130

Regional Rank:

11

Economic freedom in the world (interactive map)
Source: Index of Economic Freedom, Heritage Foundation