Contexto econômico da Indonésia

Main Sectors of Industry

Indonesia is a market economy with abundant natural resources, a young, large and burgeoning population (277.5 million), a labour force of 141.3 million people in 2023, and political stability. The country changed from being an economy that was highly dependent on agriculture into a more balanced economy which is lessening its traditional dependency on primary exports. The agricultural sector contributes to 12.5% of the country’s GDP and employs 29% of the active population (World Bank, latest data available). Indonesia is the second-largest natural rubber producer in the world. Other major crops include rice, sugarcane, coffee, tea, tobacco, palm oil, coconuts and spices. Besides, the country is the world's biggest nickel ore producer and has become a major exporter of stainless steel. Indonesian land area used for agriculture has been growing and is currently around 30%. This is mainly due to the establishment of large-scale plantations - in particular for palm oil production (second-largest export). The Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) reported a significant 30% rise in agricultural, forestry, and fishery exports in 2024, primarily driven by increased coffee exports. As one of the world’s leading coffee producers, Indonesia benefited from growing global demand and higher commodity prices. Indonesia's wheat imports for 2024/25 are expected to drop 8% from 2023/24 when high demand from feed mills and events boosted imports to record levels. Rice imports are set to decline sharply in 2024/25 due to higher domestic production after the national logistics agency intervened in 2023/24 to compensate for a smaller crop. Increased corn production will also reduce imports, though strong demand from feed and wet milling sectors persists (data USDA).

Industry contributed approximately 40.2% of GDP and employed over 22% of the labour force in 2022 (World Bank). The Indonesian industrial sector encompasses a diverse range of industries contributing significantly to the country's economy. Key sectors include manufacturing (19% of GDP), which includes textile and garment production, automotive manufacturing, and electronics assembly, with notable hubs in cities like Jakarta, Surabaya, and Bandung. The mining industry, particularly in coal, palm oil, and natural gas extraction, remains a crucial pillar of Indonesia's industrial landscape, driving export revenues. Moreover, the country is witnessing the emergence of renewable energy as an increasingly important sector, with investments in solar, wind, and hydroelectric power projects aimed at diversifying the energy mix and reducing dependence on fossil fuels. Infrastructure development and construction also play pivotal roles in Indonesia's industrial growth, spurred by ongoing urbanization and investment in transportation networks. Additionally, technology-driven sectors such as information technology (IT) and telecommunications are experiencing rapid expansion, fueled by a growing digital economy and increasing connectivity. Indonesia's manufacturing sector closed in 2024 on a positive note, with PMI rising for the first time since mid-year, along with growth in sales and production capacity by December 2024 (data S&P).

The service sector contributes to 42.9% of the GDP and employs around 49% of the active population (World Bank). Key subsectors include tourism, which capitalizes on Indonesia's rich cultural heritage and natural landscapes, drawing millions of visitors annually (BPS recorded that from January to November 2024, Indonesia welcomed 12.66 million foreign tourists, marking a 20.1% increase y-o-y and the highest figure recorded in the past five years), finance, telecommunications, and retail, which have historically been significant contributors to Indonesia's GDP. With the rise of technology and digitalization, emerging sectors such as e-commerce, fintech, and digital services are gaining momentum, reflecting the country's growing connectivity and innovation landscape. Additionally, Indonesia's vast archipelago and rich cultural heritage foster opportunities in hospitality, entertainment, and creative industries.

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Indicator of Economic Freedom

Definition

Definition:

The Economic freedom index measure ten components of economic freedom, grouped into four broad categories or pillars of economic freedom: Rule of Law (property rights, freedom from corruption); Limited Government (fiscal freedom, government spending); Regulatory Efficiency (business freedom, labour freedom, monetary freedom); and Open Markets (trade freedom, investment freedom, financial freedom). Each of the freedoms within these four broad categories is individually scored on a scale of 0 to 100. A country’s overall economic freedom score is a simple average of its scores on the 10 individual freedoms.}}

Score:

66,9/100

World Rank:

56

Regional Rank:

10

Economic freedom in the world (interactive map)
Source: Index of Economic Freedom, Heritage Foundation